Sex differences of small airway function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in patients with mild asthma

Abstract

BackgroundSex differences of small airway function (SAF) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in patients with mild asthma remain unclear. ObjectiveTo evaluate sex differences of SAF and FeNO in patients with mild asthma confirmed by positive methacholine challenge test (MCT) result. MethodsThis cross-sectional, double-centered, observational study enrolled 1609 adult patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 second greater than or equal to 80% and suspected asthma symptoms. Data of spirometry, FeNO, impulse oscillometry measurements, and peripheral blood test result were compared between males and females. The receiver-operating characteristic curves of SAF parameters and FeNO in predicting positive MCT result were also calculated. ResultsIn patients with mild asthma matched by age, males had better SAF but higher FeNO levels than females (60 [29.27%] vs 187 [46.75%] for small airway dysfunction, 78.6% vs 72.0% for forced expiratory flow [FEF]50%, 67.5% vs 60.1% for FEF75%, 73.7% vs 67.4% for FEF25%-75%, and 42.0 ppb vs 29.0 ppb for FeNO, respectively, all P ≤ .001). The FeNO levels in male current smokers were considerably lower than those of nonsmokers. SAF and FeNO values declined more rapidly with age among female than male patients with asthma. The optimal cutoff values of FEF25%-75%, FEF50%, and FeNO for predicting a positive MCT result were 81.5%, 86.4%, and 41.0 ppb in males vs 73.7%, 76.9%, and 35.0 ppb in females. ConclusionIn patients with mild asthma, the female patients have worse SAF, lower FeNO levels, and a more prominent decline trend of those parameters with age than males. Sex-specific cutoff values should be considered when SAF parameters (FEF25%-75%, FEF50%), alone or combined with FeNO, are used to predict positive MCT result in asthma diagnosis.