Sex Differences in Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety in Rats After Exposure to Tobacco Smoke

Abstract

Nicotine, a component of cigarettes, possesses strong reinforcing properties and improves cognitive function, which can lead to dependence. Upon cigarette smoking cessation, withdrawal symptoms occur and may cause an individual to relapse. Affective withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, is of great concern as studies have shown its ability to cause relapse in men and women. In this in vivo study, anxiety resulting from smoking cessation after 2-day smoke-free intervals per week for the duration of 4 weeks was investigated in 8 male and 8 female rats after their exposure to cigarette smoke compared to unexposed control rats (8 males and 8 female rats). The anxiety in rats during smoke-free intervals was investigated using an elevated plus-maze (EPM), open-field (OF), and light/dark test (LD). In all tests male rats exhibited significantly higher anxiety symptoms compared to female rats during nicotine withdrawal, despite control rats showing no differences. In the EPM, male rats spent less time in open arm as well having as lower number of crossings than female rats. As for the OFT, the amount of time spent in the center of the open field was also lower in male rats than female rats. In the LD test, the time spent in the light chamber and the latency (delay) to enter the dark chamber was lower in male rats compared to female rats. Our study showed that male rats show greater nicotine withdrawal effects, in terms of anxiety-like behavior than female rats.