Abstract
This review is focused on sex differences in regulation of adipose tissue. The heterogeneity of structural and functional features as well as differences in regulation of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues are discussed. It was shown that estrogens have pleiotropic protective impact by direct influence on adipocytes and indirect effect through hypothalamic regulation of sympathetic innervation of adipose tissue, modulating lipolysis, proliferation of preadipocytes and hyperplasia, as well as transformation of white adipocytes to brown ones. The high volume of subcutaneous adipose tissue in women is determined by the effects of estrogens and is the main factor that provides female special resistance to metabolic diseases. In general, an increase of subcutaneous fat is more favorable for metabolic profile. In contrast, visceral fat depot is associated with insulin resistance and the development of associated pathology.
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