Sex Differences in Management and Outcomes of Cardioembolic Stroke: Post HOC Analyses of the RELAXED Study

Abstract

IntroductionExperimental models have clearly demonstrated sex differences in the pathophysiology of stroke and prognosis, however clinical evidence remains elusive. In this study, we examined sex differences as a post hoc analysis of RELAXED (Recurrent Embolism Lessened by rivaroxaban, an anti-X agent, of Early Dosing for acute IS and TIA with atrial fibrillation) Study. MethodsWe stratified study participants by sex and compared baseline and clinical characteristics as well as clinical outcomes. The primary outcome measure was a good outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0−2 at 90 days after stroke. Secondary outcomes were mortality at 90 days, intracranial hemorrhage within 90 days, and recurrence of stroke or transient ischemic attack within 90 days. We constructed a logistic regression model to estimate the adjusted odds ratio of female patients compared with male patients for the primary and secondary outcomes. ResultsOf 1303 patients, most were male (57.7%) with a mean age of 74.5 years. Female patients were older with a mean age of 80.6 ± 8.9 years and had significantly less frequent anticoagulation therapy before onset of stroke and more severe NIHSS scores. Good outcome was observed in 51.2% and 63.3% of the females and males (p < 0.0001). The adjusted odds ratio of a good outcome in females was 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 0.44–2.87) (p = 0.81). There were no sex differences in secondary outcomes. ConclusionAdjusted regression analysis found no sex difference in the treatment outcomes at 90 days after stroke with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.