Sex differences in effects of excitotoxic spinal injury on below-level pain sensitivity

Abstract

Effects of excitotoxic injury to the thoracic gray matter on sensitivity to below-level nociceptive stimulation were evaluated for female and male Long–Evans rats. Operant escape and lick/guard (L/G) reflex responses to thermal stimulation were evaluated before and for 13–15weeks after: 1) injections of quisqualic acid (QUIS) into the thoracic gray matter (T8–9), 2) laminectomy and spinal exposure and penetration without injection (sham) or 3) no surgical procedure (control). L/G responding to heat stimulation (44°C) was unaffected for females and males following thoracic QUIS injections. Similarly, male escape performance was not significantly altered for 44°C or 10°C stimulation after QUIS injections or sham surgery. However, escape testing following QUIS and sham injections revealed increased heat sensitivity (44°C) and decreased cold sensitivity (10°C) for females. This selective effect is indicative of altered sympathetic activation by the thoracic injections. The effect of sham surgery suggests that female rats are vulnerable to ischemic injury during exposure and manipulation of the spinal cord. Escape from nociceptive heat and cold sensitivity of control males and females was unchanged over 13–15weeks of testing.