Abstract

Gender differentiation can influence the diet, physical activity, and health of human populations. Multifaceted approaches are therefore necessary when exploring the biological consequences of gender-related social norms in the past. Here, we explore the links between diet, physiological stress, physical activity, and gender differentiation in the Medieval Islamic population of La Torrecilla (Granada, Spain, 13th-15th century AD), by analyzing stable isotope patterns, stature, and long bone diaphyseal measurements. The sample includes 96 individuals (48 females, 48 males) classified as young and middle adults (20-34 and 35-50 years of age respectively). Diet was reconstructed through the analysis of δ13 C and δ15 N. Stature, humeral and femoral diaphyseal shape and product of diaphyseal diameters served as proxies of physiological stress and physical activity. Isotopic ratios suggest a substantial dietary contribution of C4 plants (e.g., sorghum, millet), a variable access to animal proteins, and no differences between the sexes. Sexual dimorphism in stature derives from a markedly low female stature. Long bone diaphyseal properties suggest that men performed various physically stressful activities, whereas women were involved in less physically demanding activities (possibly related to household work). Gender differentiation in La Torrecilla was expressed by a possibly differential parental investment in male versus female offspring and by culturally sanctioned gender differences in the performance of physical tasks. Diet was qualitatively homogenous between the sexes, although we cannot rule out quantitative differences. Our results shed new light on the effects of gender-related social norms on human development and lifestyle.

Highlights

  • IntroductionA traditional research focus of bioarcheology is the exploration of sex differences in 56 physical activity, health, and relative access to food sources, studying possible links between

  • A traditional research focus of bioarcheology is the exploration of sex differences in 56 physical activity, health, and relative access to food sources, studying possible links between9 these differences and gender-based social differentiation and inequality (Zuckerman & Crandall, 58 2019)

  • Humeral and femoral diaphyseal shape and 39 product of diaphyseal diameters served as proxies of physiological stress and physical activity

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Summary

Introduction

A traditional research focus of bioarcheology is the exploration of sex differences in 56 physical activity, health, and relative access to food sources, studying possible links between. 9 these differences and gender-based social differentiation and inequality (Zuckerman & Crandall, 58 2019). 59 papers examining the correlation of sex with various osteological and biogeochemical variables. Variables used to evaluate possible sex differences in 16 physical activity, health, and diet include skeletal and dental features related to mechanical. 28 information, these data provide the opportunity to address research questions about sub-. This approach allows investigation of the influence of biological (physiological). 71 and cultural factors on the different responses of males and females to their natural and social

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