Sex differences in body composition of wintering Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos): possible implications for survival and reproductive performance

Abstract

Capsule Wintering female Mallards have a higher fat load than males which may compensate for their lower body size and ultimately improve their fitness. Aims To investigate whether sex-related differences in biological processes in winter are associated with differences in body nutrient storage and flight capabilities and, if so, the possible implications for survival and reproductive performance. Methods We analysed the body composition and the flight parameters of 35 male and 35 female Mallards wintering in western Europe on the Rhine river. Results Males were 15% heavier and 18% larger than females, but the latter carried 27% more fat per unit body mass. Relative to body lipid mass, body protein mass was 11% lower for females. Wing loading was 7% lower in females and power loading was similar in both sexes. Conclusions High lipid mass gives females survival capabilities to food shortage similar to males. This helps sustain them through their prebasic moult and breeding success. Heavier muscles in males compensate for their higher wing loading and thus improve pairing success. Wintering and reproductive strategies in Mallard seem to be closely linked through body reserves.