Abstract
This review aims to discuss sex differences observed in preclinical rodent models of opioid reward. Utilizing a variety of methodological approaches and drug regimens, no clear consensus has emerged regarding the effects of opiates between males and females. This is quite dissimilar to work examining psychostimulants, where female animals reliably exhibit stronger behavioral responses. With opioid research quickly expanding to determine the neural underpinnings of opioid addiction, further research is essential to determine the conditions wherein sex differences may occur and how they may relate to the human condition.
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