Sex differences and generalization of anxiety reduction with automated de-sensitization and minimal therapist interaction

Abstract

This study dealt with: (A) the effectiveness of automated desensitization with minimal therapist-patient interaction, (B) the effects of therapist-patient sex differences on treatment outcome, and (C) the generalization of anxiety reduction to objects and/or situations not directly treated by the automated desensitization procedure. Sixteen male and female snake-anxious college students were selected for treatment on the basis of a modified Fear Survey Schedule and behavioral avoidance tests to a snake and spider. Four treatment groups were used in order to balance for therapist-client sex differences. Four additional groups, balanced for sex differences, who received the same number of self-rating and behavioral avoidance tests but no desensitization served as controls. Desensitization was conducted using a modified Stenorette dictating machine, timers, and a series of standardized tapes which dealt with various aspects of the desensitization procedure. Each treatment S received two sessions of relaxation training, two sessions of visualization training, and five sessions of automated desensitization in order to complete and partially review a standardized, 16 item snake hierarchy. After each hierarchy item was presented for visualization, the S pressed one of four buttons corresponding to different levels of anxiety. The equipment was programmed to move forward to the next item or return to relaxation instructions depending on the S's button response. There was no personal interaction between the E and S once therapy began. Dependent measures were obtained prior to treatment, after treatment, and four weeks following treatment. Results indicated that automated desensitization was effective in significantly reducing anxiety toward the target behavior, snakes. Sex differences between therapist and client were not a critical factor in treatment outcome. Evidence for generalized anxiety reduction following automated desensitization was less conclusive due to changes that occurred in both experimental and control groups. It was concluded that automated desensitization can be a useful and time-saving psychotherapeutic approach; however, there are certain considerations (e.g. initial instructions, Ss control of visualization and relaxation, amount of relaxation practice, etc.) which should be taken into account.