Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review in what forms sex chromatin can appear in peripheral blood neutrophils and how sex determination can be done using sex chromatin appendages. Sex chromatin is an approximately 1 micron clump of chromatin seen usually at the periphery of female nuclei in certain tissues and called “Barr body” and as a drumstick in polymor phonuclear neutrophils nuclei in the blood smears. Sex chromatin is derived from one of the two X chromosomes in the female which replicates its deoxyribonucleic acid much later than the other and is thus positively heteropyknotic. In 1954, Davidson and Smith were the first to identify and report the presence of neutrophil drumsticks and nonspecific appendages and their differences in sexes. The inactive X chromosome in neutrophils appears in one of the five forms: drumsticks, racquet forms, sessile nodules, small clubs and minor lobes. Only drumstick appendage is sex-specific and considered for sex diagnosis. For sex determination, drumsticks are significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.001).
Highlights
Sex chromatin is an approximately 1 micron clump of chromatin seen usually at the periphery of female nuclei in certain tissues like corneal epithelium, buccal mucosa, oral and vaginal mucosa, fibroblasts etc. and called “Barr body” and as a drumstick in polymorphonuclear neutrophils nuclei in the blood smears [1] [2]
The objective of this paper is to review in what forms sex chromatin can appear in peripheral blood neutrophils and how sex determination can be done using sex chromatin appendages
Drumsticks are significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.001)
Summary
Sex chromatin is an approximately 1 micron clump of chromatin seen usually at the periphery of female nuclei in certain tissues like corneal epithelium, buccal mucosa, oral and vaginal mucosa, fibroblasts etc. and called “Barr body” and as a drumstick in polymorphonuclear neutrophils nuclei in the blood smears [1] [2]. Sex chromatin is an approximately 1 micron clump of chromatin seen usually at the periphery of female nuclei in certain tissues like corneal epithelium, buccal mucosa, oral and vaginal mucosa, fibroblasts etc. Called “Barr body” and as a drumstick in polymorphonuclear neutrophils nuclei in the blood smears [1] [2]. Sex chromatin was found in all tissues except in liver and pancreatic acinar cells [3]. Ivanauskaitė of neutrophil drumsticks and nonspecific appendages and their differences in sexes and sometimes drumstick appendages are called “Davidson’s bodies” [1] [3]-[8]. The frequencies and the distribution of these appendages were not influenced by sex only, and by many other factors such as hormones, granulocytes metabolism, cell proliferation, and age [4] [8]
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