Sex-based Differences in the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic activity of different Drugs

Abstract

The precise effects of sex on the effects of various drugs are still unknown, even though sex-specific variations in various medications are well documented. It is not uncommon for women and men to react differently to different medications due to differences in their body composition, physiology, and drug pharmacokinetics (A, D, M, E), as well as pharmacodynamics. These differences include hormonal effects during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause. The underrepresentation of women in clinical trials, which is a significant obstacle to the optimisation of medicines for women of all ages, directly contributes to the underuse of evidence-based medications. As an added bonus, women experience greater side effects from drugs than men do. Thus, the majority of trials that were performed on middle-aged men were used to develop current recommendations for disease prevention, diagnosis, and medical treatment. To improve the safety and effectiveness of different medications as well as to create appropriate, individualized treatment plans for both males and females, it is greatly essential to understand the sex-related differences. In order to better understand the gender-based variations in the efficacy and safety of various medicines, this review gives a brief summary of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs, organized by gender.