Sex and Gender Issues in Pain Management.

Abstract

➢ Differences exist between men and women in response to noxious stimuli.➢ Sex-based differences in the perception of noxious stimuli and gender-based differences in the expression of, or behavioral response to, pain have been identified, but much of the current research is difficult to extrapolate to clinical settings.➢ The response to opioids and the risks of misuse or addiction vary between men and women, although many studies of addiction do not assess data on the basis of sex or gender.