Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of new layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites using sewage-based ZnCl2-activated carbon (AC) intercalated with MgFe (AC-MgFe-LDH) and an evaluation of their adsorptive performance for phenol removal from water. The effect of the AC loading on the final properties of synthesized composites was investigated via various characterization techniques. The results showed efficient decoration at 0.1–0.25 g AC loading within the layers of AC–MgFe composites LDH, which was reflected in the higher surface area (233.75 m2/g) and surface functionalities (OH, NO3, C-O-C, and MMO) yielding a significant improvement of the phenol removal efficiency. However, at higher contents, AC loading led to the breakage of the LDH structure and agglomeration, as indicated by the deterioration in the textural and structural properties. The isotherm and kinetic data were well fitted by the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order model, respectively, with a maximum obtained monolayer adsorption capacity of 138.69 mg/g. The thermodynamics results demonstrated that phenol adsorption is an endothermic process. The sorption mechanism of phenol molecules on the AC–MgFe composite was governed by chemical bonding with OH, C=O, and MMO groups and pore diffusion via π–π interactions. Superior phenol removal with excellent recyclability up to five cycles of the new AC–MgFe composite suggested its use as a potential adsorbent for effective phenol removal from water and wastewater streams.
Highlights
During the last two decades, rapid industrial development has induced significant production of organic waste, causing severe water pollution and a negative impact on the environment [1]
The sharp peak at 13,857 cm−1 was attributed to the NO32− ions’ vibration in the layers of MgFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) (Figure S1b), which was shifted to a lower wavenumber of 1337 cm−1 in the activated carbon (AC)–MgFe composites (Figure 1a) [25]
The present study demonstrated a new effective adsorbent, produced via decoration of sewage sludge-based activated carbon onto layers of MgFe layered double hydroxides, for the improved removal of phenol from the water phase
Summary
During the last two decades, rapid industrial development has induced significant production of organic waste, causing severe water pollution and a negative impact on the environment [1]. According to the US environmental protection agency, the maximum permissible limit of phenol in wastewater and water supplies is 0.1 mg/L and 1 μg/L. The direct release of phenol-contaminated industrial effluent has been strictly prohibited due to its serious and long-term consequences on human health and the environment. As such, it is essential, to develop effective and sustainable remediation and discharge of organic wastewater systems for a safe and sustainable environment
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