Abstract
Clinical observations show emergence of agitation and hyperactivity during the anesthesia induction and/or recovery period post-anesthesia. However, an animal model to illustrate this clinical phenomenon has not yet been established. We therefore set out to investigate whether sevoflurane, a commonly used anesthetic, could alter locomotion in mice during the anesthesia induction and recovery period post-anesthesia. The activity of the mice was recorded 5 minutes before, during (for 30 minutes), and 40 minutes after the administration of the anesthetic sevoflurane [1-, 1.5- and 2-fold minimum alveolar concentration] at 370 C. The total walking distance and velocity of movement were measured and quantified as the indexes of locomotion. We found that the anesthetic sevoflurane increased the locomotion of the mice during the induction period of the anesthesia. During the recovery phase after anesthesia, the mice exhibited increased locomotion for a short period of time (about 5 minutes) and then displayed a sharp decrease in mobility for up to 60 minutes following the end of anesthesia administration. The anesthetic sevoflurane did not significantly alter the food intake and body weight of the mice. Furthermore, we found that Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice exhibited a greater degree of sevoflurane-induced hyperactivity than the wild-type mice did. Our results showed that inhalation of the anesthetic sevoflurane induced an acute hyperactivity in mice, particularly among Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice. These findings from the pilot studies have established an animal model to promote further studies into postoperative emergence agitation, hyperactivity and the underlying mechanisms into these conditions.
Highlights
IntroductionSeveral clinical studies have reported the emergence agitation and hyperactivity that emerges after the administration of sevoflurane, for pediatric patients who exhibit the incidence of emergence agitation up to 80%[1,2,3]
Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used general anesthetics
The anesthetic sevoflurane markedly increased the locomotion during the time of the anesthesia induction compared to that of the control condition as evidenced by the 76% increase in the velocity (194.4 ± 47.2 versus 110.3 ± 21.6 cm/min) and 45% increase in the walking distance (447.9 ± 58.3 versus 309.3 ± 49.3 cm)
Summary
Several clinical studies have reported the emergence agitation and hyperactivity that emerges after the administration of sevoflurane, for pediatric patients who exhibit the incidence of emergence agitation up to 80%[1,2,3]. Clinical investigations have shown that sevoflurane can induce hyperactivity during mask induction, even causing body movements, epileptiform electroencephalographic activity, seizure-like movements, and actual seizures[1,2,4,5,6,7]. Such events pose a risk of injury and potential postoperative complications. The underlying mechanisms and targeted intervention(s) of such clinical observations remain unknown
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