Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the severity and risk factors of menopausal symptoms in the middle-aged women in Gansu Province of China.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 7319 women (aged 40–55 years) attended the health survey in Gansu Province in China were enrolled. Information on demographics, menopausal status, reproductive history, and history of chronic diseases was collected via a structured questionnaire. Severity of menopausal symptom was evaluated by the Modified Kupperman Menopausal Index. Ordinal logistic regression model was applied to explore its risk factors.ResultsA total of 7319 participants were included in present study, among them, 3606 (49.27%) had moderate or severe menopausal symptom. Compared with premenopausal women, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women have a higher mKMI score. We observed that older age, higher BMI, non-married status, longer duration of menstruation (≥ 7 days), number of pregnancy (> 3 times), longer duration of breastfeeding (> 12 months), peri- or post-menopausal status, and menopause hormone therapy was positively associated with menopausal symptom score, while higher level of family income, educational and physical activity, and history of gynecological, breast or chronic disease were negatively associated with the score.ConclusionsNumerous factors were associated with the severity of menopausal symptom among the Chinese women. Because it was gradually increased with aging, more attention is warranted to manage the menopausal symptom.
Highlights
Menopause is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the permanent cessation of menstruation and a decrease in the levels of ovarian steroid hormones [1], which is a critical periodIncreased negative psychological symptoms and decreased cognitive performanceWang et al BMC Women’s Health (2021) 21:405 during menopausal transition could last up to the age of 60 and get worse during the following years [8]
The northwest region differs in its socioeconomic and cultural characteristics to the rest of the China, which may have variations in prevalence and intensity, as well as in the determinants of menopausal symptoms. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the severity and risk factors of menopausal symptoms measured by mKMI (Modified Kupperman Menopausal Index) score in order to find factors that affecting the symptoms of menopause and improve the quality of life
We found that participants with higher menopausal symptom score are more likely to be older, farmer or manual, higher Body mass index (BMI), higher percentage of having gynecological or chronic disease, lower level of family income, education, and physical activity, but less likely to be Han, and married
Summary
Menopause is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the permanent cessation of menstruation and a decrease in the levels of ovarian steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone) [1], which is a critical periodIncreased negative psychological symptoms (anxiety and depression [7]) and decreased cognitive performanceWang et al BMC Women’s Health (2021) 21:405 during menopausal transition could last up to the age of 60 and get worse during the following years [8]. The occurrence and risk factors of menopausal symptoms can vary in women with different genetic, cultural, and regional backgrounds [13]. For women spend a third of their lives in perimenopausal and postmenopausal period [15], investigating the predictive or protective factors of the severity of menopausal symptoms may help to relieve the symptoms. Previous studies on menopause-related health problems have been mainly conducted in Western countries [16, 17], while few studies was in China [18], especially in the northwest area where the present study was conducted. The northwest region differs in its socioeconomic and cultural characteristics to the rest of the China, which may have variations in prevalence and intensity, as well as in the determinants of menopausal symptoms
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