Severe anaemia due to haematopoietic precursor cell destruction in field cases of East Coast Fever in Tanzania

Abstract

Examinations were made on erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes, lymph nodes, thymus, haemal nodes and bone marrow in field cases of East Coast Fever (ECF) in Tanzania. Seventy-six clinically sick short-horn Zebu and Taurine-Zebu crosses, positive for Theileria parva piroplasms and schizonts and 55 apparently healthy cattle were studied. The syndrome observed was characterized by severe pancytopenia, with massive normocytic, normochromic anaemia, panleukopenia and thrombocytopenia, but no reticulocytes in peripheral blood. The erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentrations were greatly decreased compared with those of the healthy cattle. The means ±SD (with values of healthy cattle in parentheses) were 2.85 ± 1.10 (6.04 ± 1.58) × 10 121 −1, 2.78 ± 1.70 (10.59 ± 4.16) × 10 9 1 −1, 0.19 ± 0.06 (0.31 ± 0.054)1 1 −1 and 4.07 ± 1.62 (7.29 ± 1.39) mmol 1 −1 respectively. Lymphoproliferation was low, while lymphocyte destruction (lymphocytolysis) was high. There were very few small schizonts in parotid and prescapular glands. Lymphocytes were extensively destroyed in medullary cords, germinal centres of lymph nodules in cortex and paracortical regions of lymph nodes and haemal nodes. The bone marrow was hypocellular, with only a few haematopoietic precursor erythroid, granulocytic and thrombopoietic cell series. All stages of prorubriblasts and rubricytes had granulated nuclei, some with schizonts. Infection of erythrocytes by merozoites appeared to take place in precursor stages. The destruction of erythroblasts, rubricytes and other haematopoietic cells resulted in anaemia without reticulocytosis, haemoglobinuria and jaundice, accompanied by panleukopenia of extreme neutropenia, lymphopenia and eosinopenia. This indicated that this T. parva strain differs from previously described buffalo- or cattle-derived T. parva infections in causing both haemoproliferation and lymphoproliferation by extensive haematopoitic cell destruction and lymphocytolysis. In cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva infections, anaemia is normally mild and there are numerous large schizonts in the former.