Abstract
Hawthorn leaves are a rich source of phenolic compounds that possess beneficial activities for human health. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is an extraction technique frequently used for the isolation of phenolic compounds in plants. Thus, in this study, a Box–Behnken design was used to optimize UAE conditions such as the percentage of acetone, the extraction time and solvent-to-solid ratio (v/w) in order to obtain the maximum content of total compounds by Folin–Ciocalteu and the maximum in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays in Crataegus monogyna leaves. The optimum conditions to obtain the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were 50% acetone, 55 min and 1/1000 (w/v). A total of 30 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in C. monogyna leaf extract obtained at these optimum UAE conditions. HPLC-MS allows the identification and quantification of 19 phenolic compounds and NP-HPLC-FLD analyses showed the presence of 11 proanthocyanidins. According to the results, the most concentrated phenolic compounds in C. monogyna leaf extract obtained at optimum UAE conditions were phenolic acid derivatives such as protocatechuic acid-glucoside, dihydroxy benzoic acid pentoside and chlorogenic acid, flavones such as 2″-O-rhamnosyl-C-hexosyl-apigenin, flavonols such as hyperoside and isoquercetin and proanthocyanidins such as monomer and dimer. As a result, the optimized UAE conditions could be used to obtain an extract of C. monogyna leaves enriched with phenolic compounds.
Highlights
IntroductionKnown as hawthorn (family: Rosaceae), are plants extensively distributed in the northern hemisphere and are used to provide many natural health products such as tablets, teas and aqueous extracts [1,2]
Crataegus species, known as hawthorn, are plants extensively distributed in the northern hemisphere and are used to provide many natural health products such as tablets, teas and aqueous extracts [1,2]
The aim of the present study was the establishment for the first time of optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction factors such as acetone/water composition, extraction time and ratio of the plant material to solvent by using a Box–Behnken design to obtain the highest phenolic content from C. monogyna leaves and the highest in vitro antioxidant activity measured by DPPH, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and ABTS assays
Summary
Known as hawthorn (family: Rosaceae), are plants extensively distributed in the northern hemisphere and are used to provide many natural health products such as tablets, teas and aqueous extracts [1,2]. Are the major hawthorn species in Middle Europe, Crataegus granatensis Boiss., Crataegus laciniata Ucria., Crataegus pentagyna. Crataegus species are a rich source of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, triterpenoids and vitamins [6]. Leaves and flowers contain phenolic compounds such as flavone and flavonol glycosides, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols (especially (−)-epicatechin) and flavan-3-ol oligomers (B-type procyanidins). Flavan-3-ols (epicatechin), flavonols (hyperoside) and hydroxycinnamic acids such as chlorogenic acid and protocatechuic acid are dominant in leaves [11]
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