Abstract

This paper focuses on settlement patterns of Korean immigrants in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) highlighting their high self-employment rate and active transnational activities. The objectives for the paper are to explore various causes of a high level of self-employment rate among Korean immigrants, and to examine settlement patterns of Korean immigrants in the Toronto CMA by reviewing their immigration data, employment income and self-employment income data, residential locations, ethnic economy and human capital, and to understand how their active transnational activities combined with the factors listed above affected their settlement and integration experiences in Canada as they are inter-connected with various social and economic fabrics of the Korean community in the Toronto CMA.

Highlights

  • This paper focuses on settlement patterns of Korean immigrants in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) highlighting their high self-employment rate and active transnational activities

  • The research questions are, “What caused the high self-employment rate among the Korean immigrant group in the Toronto CMA and how active transnational activities and a high level of ethnic entrepreneurship impact the settlement patterns of the Korean immigrant group in the Toronto CMA?” Theories of Social Exclusion, Ethnic Facilitation combined with Labour Market Segmentation, Ethnic Entrepreneurship and Transnationalism are used as the main theoretical frameworks to explain the settlement patterns of Korean immigrants in the Toronto CMA

  • Chapter 3: Data and Methodology The objectives for the research are to explore various causes of a high level of selfemployment rate and entrepreneurship among Korean immigrants, and to examine the formation of a Korean suburban Ethnic Enclave (Ethnic Suburb) in the Toronto CMA by examining their immigration experiences, residential locations, ethnic economy and human capital, in order to understand the impact of transnational activities in their settlement and integration experiences in Canada

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Summary

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

The Koreans form one of the largest visible minority groups in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2011). As Light and Gold (2000) pointed out, the low wages in ethnic economies/ ethnic enclave economies can be only justified if the productivity level of all ethnic employees is lower than that of the mainstream labour market It is a well-known factor that with Canada’s immigration policy emphasizing human capital and favouring business class programs since the 1960s, many highly educated and high skilled racialized immigrants have entered Canada (Zhung, Hernandez and Wang, 2015) and many of them turned to their own ethnic economies/ ethnic enclave economies to find a job as they experience various systemic barriers. Chapter 3: Data and Methodology The objectives for the research are to explore various causes of a high level of selfemployment rate and entrepreneurship among Korean immigrants, and to examine the formation of a Korean suburban Ethnic Enclave (Ethnic Suburb) in the Toronto CMA by examining their immigration experiences, residential locations, ethnic economy and human capital, in order to understand the impact of transnational activities in their settlement and integration experiences in Canada. Content analysis could be an option to analyze settlement trends of the Korean immigrants in the Toronto CMA from the Canadian government policy’s perspective with various government discourses as it provides evidence in a reliable and systematic manner (Trimble and Treiberg, 2011)

4.1.1: By Year of Landing
4.1.2: By Immigrant Class
4.1.4: By Education
4.1.5: By Official Language Ability
4.2: Economic Performance
4.3: Settlement Patterns
4.5: Case Study – Korean Supermarket Chains
H Mart Canada has two divisions
Chapter 5: Conclusion
Findings
14. Ottawa
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