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Abstract
The engineering properties of alkali activated materials (AAMs) mainly depend on the constituent materials and their mixture proportions. Despite many studies on the characterization of AAMs, guidelines for mixture design of AAMs and their applications in engineering practice are not available. Extensive experimental studies are still necessary for the investigation of the role of different constituents on the properties of AAMs. This paper focuses on the development of alkali-activated fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) paste mixtures in order to determine their suitability for making concretes. In particular, the influence of the GBFS/FA ratio and liquid-to-binder (l/b) ratio on the slump, setting, strength, and autogenous shrinkage of the alkali activated pastes is studied.It is shown that fresh properties largely depend on the type of precursor (GBFS or FA). The slump and setting time of GBFS-rich pastes was significantly reduced. These pastes also have higher compressive strength than FA-rich pastes. The study identifies important practical challenges for application of the studied mixtures, such as the behavior of their flexural strength and high amplitudes of autogenous shrinkage of GBFS-rich mixtures. Finally, the optimum GBFS/FA ratio for their future use in concretes is recommended.
Highlights
Cement-based concrete is used as a main material for infrastructures and buildings
In order to better understand material properties of alkali activated binders, the present paper focuses on the influence of the granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS)/fly ash (FA) ratio and liquid-to-binder (l/b) ratio on the workability, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, and autogenous shrinkage of the alkali activated pastes
The high specific surface area and high chemical activity of GBFS required a larger amount of water than FA particles [10]
Summary
Cement-based concrete is used as a main material for infrastructures and buildings. There are several aspects that should be considered and improved in the current cement-based concrete production. Most important are high CO2 emissions and high energy consumption due to CaCO3 calcination for cement production [3,4,5]. The cement industry accounts for approximately 5–8.6% of the global CO2 emissions [1,6,7]. The regulations on the permissible level of emission of CO2 make it necessary to innovate and improve the energy efficiency and provide environmentally friendly alternatives for the cement industry. Replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) [9] is one of the possibilities to reduce the environmental impact of OPC production
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