Abstract
The basic problems which were discussed by speakers in Plenary session 1 were as follows: — the development of ecology as a science — the schism in modern ecology — interdisciplinary research in ecology and land use — different approaches to the study of ecosystems (natural history studies, mass balance studies of energy or chemicals, experimental studies, comparative studies and modelling or computer simulation studies) — the ecosystem concept and prediction of responses to “global change” — linkages between scientific assessment and policy makers
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