Abstract
ObjectivesIn the current study we aimed to assess whether the food security is associated with serum trans-fatty acids (TFAs) and dietary fat.MethodsAnalyses were restricted to participants (from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) with data available on serum and diet TFAs and food security status from 2009 to 2010. All statistical analyses (analysis of covariance and linear regression) accounted for the survey design and sample weights.ResultsWe included 3876 participants, overall (48.6%) participants were men, and (51.4%) were women, generally (69.0%) had high food security. Subjects with higher food security had a higher level of education as well (p < 0.001). Age-adjusted, sex-adjusted, race-adjusted, education-adjusted mean of trans 9-octadecenoic acid and trans-9, trans-12-octadecadienoic acid were higher in plasma of participants with lower food security (all p < 0.001), moreover in same model there was a significant positive association between plasma level of trans-11-octadecenoic acid, trans-9-octadecenoic acid and trans-9, trans-12-octadecadienoic acid and score of food security. Further, age, sex, race, education, and energy intake adjusted mean of dietary fatty acids show that total polyunsaturated fatty acids are higher in subjects with higher food security (p = 0.026) while, cholesterol consumption is higher in subjects with lower food security (p = 0.039).ConclusionsOur findings provide more evidence on the association between food insecurity and the higher level of TFAs in serum and different type of fat in the diet.
Highlights
Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fatty acids with at least one unsaturated, non-conjugated double bond in the trans configuration
More than 99% of the eligible sample participated in the Food Security Survey Module, which is a well-validated questionnaire developed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) to measure household food security over the prior 12 months[44]
Overall (48.6%) participants were men, and (51.4%) were women. Compared to those with high food security, participants with low food security comprised more of the minority ethnic groups including Mexican-Americans (27.4 vs. 14.9%), other Hispanic (14.3 vs. 8.2%), non-Hispanic Black (23.0 vs. 16.2%), and fewer non-Hispanic White (30.4 vs. 54.7%); p < 0.001 for differences in the distribution of ethnicity by status for food security
Summary
Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fatty acids with at least one unsaturated, non-conjugated double bond in the trans (rather than the typical cis) configuration. As defined by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations “Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”[11]. Food security exhibits itself in a limited capability to buy healthy foods (e.g., vegetables, fruits, and animal products) because of their greater price compared to fast foods and junk foods high in fat and added sugar (cheaper)[13, 14]. Latin–American studies have found an association between food security and poorer dietary quality among adults, low intake of fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy products[14,15,16]. Food security counted as one of the main social determinants of health[17]
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