Abstract
ObjectiveWe aim to report and evaluate the associations between serum sodium and chloride and dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. One hundred and two patients with Parkinson's disease were enrolled in this study.MethodsPatients’ serum electrolytes including sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride were measured. Other demographic information was collected, and Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale and Hoehn and Yahr stage scale were also performed.ResultsPatients with dyskinesia tended to have longer duration of disease, higher daily levodopa‐equivalent dose, and Hoehn–Yahr stage, with lower serum sodium than those without dyskinesia. Spearman correlation analyses showed that serum sodium inversely correlated with duration of disease (r = −.218, p = .028), and positively correlated with serum chloride levels (r = .565, p < .001). Univariate logistic regression analysis found that duration of disease, daily levodopa‐equivalent dose, serum sodium, and serum chloride were associated with dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease patients (p < .05 for all). After adjusting for age, sex, age at onset of Parkinson's disease, medical history, and other covariates, serum sodium and chloride were still associated with dyskinesia, with corresponding Odd ratios 0.783 (95% confidence intervals, 0.642–0.955) and 0.796 (95% confidence intervals, 0.652–0.972), respectively.ConclusionOur findings indicated that serum sodium and chloride levels were inversely associated with dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Further studies with large samples and range of serum sodium and chloride are needed.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and is characterized by motor and nonmotor dysfunctions (Hattori, 2016)
The spearman correlation analyses showed that serum sodium inversely correlated with duration of disease (r = −.218, p = .028), and positively correlated with serum chloride levels (r = .565, p < .001; Table 2); in addition, serum chloride was inversely correlated with cigarette smoking (r = −.198, p = .046) and motor fluctuation (r = −.220, p = .027)
After adjusting for age, sex, age at onset of PD, duration of disease, daily levodopa-equivalent dose (LED), H&Y stage, Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (UPDRS) II and UPDRS III scores, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, history of hypertension, history of diabetes mellitus, and motor fluctuation, serum sodium, and chloride were still associated with dyskinesia, with corresponding Odd ratios (ORs) of 0.783 and 0.796, respectively (Table 4)
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and is characterized by motor and nonmotor dysfunctions (Hattori, 2016). Sodium concentration is regulated by numerous factors including ion channels, and hormones. Chloride is the most important extracellular anion and plays important roles in many body functions, including the maintenance of osmotic pressure, acid–base balance, muscular activity, and the movement of water between fluid compartments. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that correlate serum sodium and chloride with dyskinesia in PD patients. Due to the important role of sodium and chloride in the central nervous system, we do believe the relationship exists between abnormal concentrations of serum sodium and chloride and dyskinesia. We aim to investigate the relationship between serum sodium and chloride and dyskinesia in PD patients
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