Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a widely studied enzyme based on its protective role against poisoning by organophosphate (OP) metabolites of specific OP insecticides and in vascular disease, as well as its use as biomarker of diseases involving oxidative stress, inflammation and liver diseases.This review provides an update about the current knowledge in the field of the analytical procedures that are used for PON1 measurements. It will be specially focused on: (a) characteristics of the different substrates used for measuring PON1, with emphasis in four aspects: toxicity, polymorphism influence, rate of hydrolysis and diagnostic performance. And (b) the technical aspects of PON1 assays, in which the reagents and reaction conditions, sources of variation, quality control systems, equipment and interferences with other esterases will be discussed.The information provided in this review can contribute to a more accurate and safe measurements of PON1 in laboratories and encourage researchers to explore the wide areas of PON1 in veterinary medicine that are still unknown.
Highlights
Paraoxonases are a family of three enzymes called Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), PON2 and PON3
Rabbits possess a serum polymorphism which is located within exon 4 producing two different phenotypes that have the same activity for phenyl acetate, but different values for paraoxon, dihydrocoumarin and other lactones [38]
Regarding the stability of these samples, in a study made in humans it was found that PON1 is stable during two years at -80°C when phenyl acetate, diazoxon and chlorpyrifos-oxon where used as substrates, but with paraoxon as substrate a decrease of 0.05% per day of storage was found [34]
Summary
Paraoxonases are a family of three enzymes called PON1, PON2 and PON3. They have multifunctional roles in various biochemical pathways such as protection against oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation, contribution to innate immunity, detoxification of reactive molecules, bioactivation of drugs, modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and regulation of cell proliferation/apoptosis. Rabbits possess a serum polymorphism which is located within exon 4 producing two different phenotypes (rPON1A and rPON1B) that have the same activity for phenyl acetate, but different values for paraoxon, dihydrocoumarin and other lactones [38].
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