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Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a relatively rare type of primary liver cancer that originates in the bile duct epithelium. It is an aggressive malignancy typified by unresponsiveness to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite advances in radiologic techniques and laboratory diagnostic test, the diagnosis of CCA remains highly challenging. Development in molecular techniques has led to go into the possible use of serum markers in diagnosing of cholangiocarcinoma. This review summarizes the principal characteristics of serum markers of cholangiocarcinoma. The tumour markers used frequently such as Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), Carcinogenic Embryonic antigen (CEA), and Cancer Antigen 125 have shown sufficient sensitivity and specificity to detect and monitor CCA. In particular, the combination of these tumour markers seems to increase their efficiency in diagnosing of cholangiocarcinoma. New markers such as Soluble fragment of cytokeratin 19 (CYFRA 21-1) Mucins, Tumour Markers2-pyruvate-Kinase (TuM2-PK) and metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) have been recently shown to help in the diagnosis of CCA, with in some cases a prognostic value.
Highlights
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a primary malignancy which originates from bile duct epithelial cells
This study suggests that the dysregulation of serotonin metabolism may be a key feature associated with the progression of cholangiocarcinoma and modulation of this metabolic pathway may result in the development of an effective adjunct therapy to treat this deadly disease
Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy that often invades and metastasises to other organs resulting in a poor prognosis [123]
Summary
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a primary malignancy which originates from bile duct epithelial cells. CCA approximates 10 to 25% of all liver cancers and the incidence of this disease has increased over the last three decades [1,2]. CCA is a slow-growing but highly metastatic tumor, which is often detected at an unresectable stage; most patients have a poor prognosis with a median survival of 6–12 months [4]. The most common form of intrahepatic cholangiocarinoma is mass-forming type, definited as a mass located in the liver parenchyma [11]. It tends to invade the hepatic parenchyma via the portal venous system and through lymphatic vessels in advanced stages [12]. Determination of the serum markers can be helpful too
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