Serum levels of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors during infection with pathogens having integrin receptor-mediated cellular entry

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes with numerous roles in the normal immune response to infection. However, excess MMP activity following infection may lead to immunopathological processes that cause tissue damage. Their activity in normal tissues is subject to tight control, which is regulated by its specific endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). It is known that MMPs bind to cell surface proteins (e.g. integrins) and that such interactions can have modulatory effects on MMP functionality. The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in MMP and TIMP production during the acute phase of infection with different pathogens that use β-integrins as their receptors for cell entry. We measured the total amounts of soluble MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in the sera from patients infected with Dobrava virus (DOBV), Coxiella burnetii, or uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Statistical analyses were used to correlate MMP/TIMP serum levels with different clinical laboratory parameters. The results showed that both of the bacterial infections generally manifested the stronger effect on MMP production, while in contrast, viral infection introduced stronger changes to metalloproteinase inhibitors. MMPs and TIMPs were significantly correlated with some of the clinical laboratory parameters in both bacterial infections, but no correlations were found for DOBV infection. These findings suggest diverse mechanisms by which MMP activity could be implicated in the pathology of these 2 bacterial infections versus the viral DOBV infection, despite the type of their cellular entry receptors.