Abstract
Background and objectives: Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) has been recognized as the primary receptor for carbamylated low-density lipoproteins (cLDL) and is increasingly being viewed as a critical mediator of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possible role of circulating cLDL and soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) as potential biomarkers of metabolic syndrome (MetS) as well as of coronary artery disease (CAD) among MetS patients. Materials and Methods: The serum levels of cLDL and sLOX-1 were measured by ELISA in 30 MetS patients without CAD, 30 MetS patients with CAD, and 30 healthy controls. Results: Patients with MetS had significantly higher serum levels of both cLDL and sLOX-1 than the healthy controls but lower in comparison to MetS + CAD subjects. Serum sLOX-1 concentration correlated significantly with fasting glucose (rs = 0.414, p = 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (rs = −0.273, p = 0.035) in the whole MetS cohort, whereas it correlated with cLDL only in the MetS + CAD subgroup (rs = 0.396, p = 0.030). The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves of cLDL and sLOX-1 for MetS diagnosis had area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.761 and 0.692, respectively. AUC values of cLDL and sLOX-1 for CAD diagnosis among MetS patients were 0.811 and 0.739. Elevated serum levels of cLDL and sLOX-1 were associated with a higher risk of MetS development [odds ratio (OR) 24.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.86–104.61, p < 0.001 and OR 4.75; 95% CI: 1.58–14.25, p = 0.009] as well as with presence of CAD among MetS subjects (OR 11.23; 95% CI: 3.10–40.71, p < 0.001 and OR 4.03; 95% CI: 1.73–11.84, p = 0.019, respectively). Conclusions: The present study underscores the potential of cLDL and sLOX-1 as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and risk assessment of MetS and CAD among the MetS population.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MеtS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including visceral obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia—hypertriglyceridemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [1]
Serum soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1) concentration correlated significantly with fasting glucose and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in the whole metabolic syndrome (MetS) cohort, whereas it correlated with carbamylated low-density lipoproteins (cLDL)
The present study underscores the potential of cLDL and sLOX-1 as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and risk assessment of MetS and coronary artery disease (CAD) among the MetS population
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MеtS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including visceral obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia—hypertriglyceridemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol [1]. MetS components for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is still debated, large prospective investigations have concluded that MetS increases the relative risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) by about two times, even in the absence of baseline CVD and diabetes mellitus (DM) [2,3,4]. Both morbidity and mortality from CAD and other cardiovascular causes are higher in patients with MetS. Has been recognized as the primary receptor for carbamylated low-density lipoproteins (cLDL) and is increasingly being viewed as a critical mediator of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: The serum levels of cLDL and sLOX-1 were measured by ELISA in 30 MetS patients without CAD, 30 MetS patients with CAD, and 30 healthy controls
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