Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Levels Predict the Incidence of Frailty among Patients with Cardiometabolic Diseases

Abstract

Introduction: Frailty is a crucial health issue among older adults. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are possible pathogeneses of frailty. However, few longitudinal studies have investigated the association between GDF15 and the incidence of frailty. Therefore, we investigated whether high serum GDF15 levels are associated with the incidence of frailty. Methods: A total of 175 older adults (mean age: 77 ± 6 years; 63% women) with cardiometabolic diseases and no frailty out of the two criteria at baseline participated. Individuals with severe renal impairment or severe cognitive impairment were excluded. Serum GDF15 levels were measured at baseline. Patients were asked to assess frailty status at baseline and annually during follow-up using the modified version of the Cardiovascular Health Study (mCHS) and the Kihon Checklist (KCL). We examined the association between GDF15 tertiles and each frailty measure during follow-up (median 38–39 months). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, with the GDF15 tertile groups as the explanatory variables, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident frailty were calculated after adjusting for covariates and using the lowest tertile group as the reference. Results: During the follow-up period, 25.6% and 34.0% of patients developed frailty, as defined by the mCHS and KCL, respectively. The highest GDF15 tertile group had a significantly higher incidence of mCHS- or KCL-defined frailty than the lowest GDF15 tertile group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the adjusted HRs for incident mCHS- and KCL-defined frailty in the highest GDF15 tertile group were 3.9 (95% CI: 1.3–12.0) and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.1–6.9), respectively. Conclusion: High serum GDF15 levels predicted the incidence of frailty among older adults with cardiometabolic diseases and could be an effective marker of the risk for frailty in interventions aimed at preventing frailty, such as exercise and nutrition.