Serum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides associated with diabetes and obesity in Northern Benin (West Africa)

Abstract

Aim: Diabetes rising prevalence is of great concern in Africa because of its socio-economic impacts in a context of limited access to health care. The inappropriate use of pesticides may add to the burden of diabetes in Africa. The present study was carried out in a cotton producing area of Benin in order to assess the relationship between the highest prevalence of diabetes observed in the country and organochlorine pesticide (OCP) exposure. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in 2011. A sample of 106 subjects with diabetes and 106 non-diabetic controls were paired by age, gender, ethnicity and residential area. Personal and socioeconomic information, along with anthropometric measurements were collected. Blood samples were assayed for total lipids and 14 OCPs by gas-chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry. Data were recorded for the four detectable OCPs: p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE), p,p’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p’-DDT), β -hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and trans-nonachlor. Results: Serum levels of all four detected OCPs were consistently higher in diabetic subjects than in non-diabetic controls. The odds ratio of diabetes was nearly three-fold higher when comparing the third tertile of p,p’-DDE and p,p’-DDT and β-HCH levels with the first tertile, without adjustment for potential confounders. The association remained significant for p,p’-DDT (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.17-5.42) and p,p’-DDE (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.01-4.54) after adjusting for a family history of diabetes, abdominal obesity, and wealth index or education. Conclusion: Our data showed that exposure to p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE was associated with an increased risk of diabetes. These findings have major public health implications.