Abstract
BackgroundAssociations of serum calcium levels with the metabolic syndrome and other novel cardio-metabolic risk factors not classically included in the metabolic syndrome, such as those involved in oxidative stress, are largely unexplored. We analyzed the association of albumin-corrected serum calcium levels with conventional and non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors in a general adult population.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe CoLaus study is a population-based study including Caucasians from Lausanne, Switzerland. The metabolic syndrome was defined using the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors considered included: fat mass, leptin, LDL particle size, apolipoprotein B, fasting insulin, adiponectin, ultrasensitive CRP, serum uric acid, homocysteine, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. We used adjusted standardized multivariable regression to compare the association of each cardio-metabolic risk factor with albumin-corrected serum calcium. We assessed associations of albumin-corrected serum calcium with the cumulative number of non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors.We analyzed 4,231 subjects aged 35 to 75 years. Corrected serum calcium increased with both the number of the metabolic syndrome components and the number of non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors, independently of the metabolic syndrome and BMI. Among conventional and non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors, the strongest positive associations were found for factors related to oxidative stress (uric acid, homocysteine and gamma-glutamyltransferase). Adiponectin had the strongest negative association with corrected serum calcium.Conclusions/SignificanceSerum calcium was associated with the metabolic syndrome and with non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors independently of the metabolic syndrome. Associations with uric acid, homocysteine and gamma-glutamyltransferase were the strongest. These novel findings suggest that serum calcium levels may be associated with cardiovascular risk via oxidative stress.
Highlights
Increased serum calcium concentration has been associated with high blood pressure (BP)[1], impaired glucose tolerance [2], and dyslipidemia [3,4]
We found serum calcium to be strongly associated with conventional metabolic syndrome (MSy) components, in particular fasting serum glucose and serum triglycerides
Serum calcium showed a positive trend with the number of MSy components, independently of Body mass index (BMI)
Summary
Increased serum calcium concentration has been associated with high blood pressure (BP)[1], impaired glucose tolerance [2], and dyslipidemia [3,4]. Increased serum calcium concentration has been described as a feature of the metabolic syndrome (MSy) [5]. Factors related to inflammation and oxidative stress have been recently associated with the MSy. For example, observations suggest that serum levels of uric acid, homocysteine or gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) might be linked to the MSy [9,10,11]. Associations of serum calcium levels with the metabolic syndrome and other novel cardio-metabolic risk factors not classically included in the metabolic syndrome, such as those involved in oxidative stress, are largely unexplored. We analyzed the association of albumin-corrected serum calcium levels with conventional and non-conventional cardiometabolic risk factors in a general adult population
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