Serum BAFF (B-cell activating factor) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) levels in the first trimester may predict the future development of GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus)

Abstract

BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent condition with an unclear pathogenesis. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are potential key players in GDM. Participants, materials, and methodsIn a longitudinal observational study, we monitored women from the first trimester through 24–28 weeks of gestation, focusing on the development of GDM. Serum levels of BAFF and APRIL, as well as their mRNA expression, were evaluated in both the first and third trimesters. Furthermore, we assessed cytokines, adipokines, and placental hormones in the serum. ResultsIn the first trimester, participants who later developed GDM exhibited elevated serum BAFF and reduced serum APRIL levels, although the mRNA expression of these molecules was similar to controls. Serum BAFF exhibited significant positive correlations with metabolic markers and placental hormones. Conversely, serum APRIL was negatively correlated with insulin resistance and inflammatory markers but positively correlated with adiponectin. In the early third trimester, GDM participants continued to display higher serum BAFF levels and lower serum APRIL levels than controls. There was no significant difference in mRNA expression of BAFF between GDM and control groups. Conversely, APRIL mRNA expression was significantly lower in the GDM group. The predictive potential of first-trimester BAFF and APRIL levels for future GDM development was explored, with both molecules demonstrating strong predictive capability. Discussion and conclusionThis study suggests that elevated serum BAFF and reduced serum APRIL levels during pregnancy may be associated with the development of GDM. These biomarkers can serve as potential early predictors for GDM.