Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in stallions: Developmental changes, seasonal variation, and differences between intact stallions, cryptorchid stallions, and geldings

Abstract

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a homodimeric glycoprotein, is secreted early in fetal life when it exerts a crucial function in sexual differentiation. The secretion of AMH in male humans persists after birth and is characterized by high prepubertal concentrations followed by a significant decrease at the onset of puberty. The expression of AMH in the normal and cryptorchid equine testis is well characterized but data regarding circulating AMH concentrations are lacking. The objectives of this study were to determine serum AMH concentrations in neonatal colts and fillies, prepubertal colts, and postpubertal stallions, and to evaluate variations in serum AMH related to season and gonadal status of stallions. In addition, we examined the presence and determined concentrations of AMH in seminal plasma of mature stallions. Serum AMH concentrations were significantly higher in neonatal colts than in neonatal fillies. Moreover, concentrations of AMH are high in prepubertal colts whereas significantly lower concentrations were detected after puberty. In intact mature stallions, season influenced AMH concentrations with significantly higher concentrations during spring and summer. Serum AMH concentrations were significantly higher in cryptorchid stallions compared with intact stallions or geldings. Finally, AMH was identified in seminal plasma of intact mature stallions, but there was no significant correlation between serum and seminal plasma AMH concentrations. In conclusion, serum AMH concentration varies with sex in the neonatal period, postnatal sexual development and season, and serum AMH concentration can be used as a biomarker for the presence of testicular tissue.