Serum anion gap, bicarbonate and biomarkers of inflammation in healthy individuals in a national survey.

Abstract

In vitro data suggest that lower extracellular pH activates the immune system. We conducted a population-based study of the relation between serum acid-base status and inflammation. We examined the serum anion gap and serum levels of bicarbonate and inflammatory biomarkers in 4525 healthy adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 1999-2006. We excluded participants who had chronic disease, recent infection and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. The mean values of serum anion gap, bicarbonate level, leukocyte count and C-reactive protein level were all within normal limits. After adjustment for age, sex, ethnic background, body mass index, serum albumin level and other factors, we found that a higher anion gap and lower bicarbonate level were associated with a higher leukocyte count and higher C-reactive protein level. Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of anion gap, those in the highest quartile had a leukocyte count that was 1.0x10(9)/L higher and a C-reactive protein level that was 10.9 nmol/L higher (p<0.01). Compared with participants in the highest quartile of bicarbonate level, those in the lowest quartile had a leukocyte count that was 0.7x10(9)/L higher and a C-reactive protein level that was 4.0 nmol/L higher (p<or=0.02). A higher anion gap and lower bicarbonate level were also associated with a higher platelet count, a larger mean platelet volume and a higher ferritin level. A higher serum anion gap and lower bicarbonate level were associated with higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers in a healthy sample of the general population. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relation between acid-base status and inflammation.