Abstract
Different patterns of hypoxia evoke different forms of plasticity in the neural control of ventilation. For example, acute intermittent hypoxia produces long term facilitation (LTF) of ventilation, while chronic sustained hypoxia (CH) causes ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH). In both LTF and VAH, ventilation in normoxia is greater than normal after the hypoxic stimulus is removed and the acute hypoxic ventilatory response can increase. However, the mechanisms of LTF and VAH are thought to be different based on previous results showing serotonin 5HT2 receptors, which are G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) that activate GQ signaling, contribute to LTF but not VAH. Newer results show that a different GPCR, namely adenosine A2A receptors and the GS signaling pathway, cause LTF with more severe intermittent hypoxia, i.e., PaO2 = 25–30 Torr for GS versus 35–45 Torr for LTF with the GQ signaling pathway. We hypothesized adenosine A2A receptors and GS signaling are involved in establishing VAH with longer term moderate CH and tested this in adult male rats by measuring ventilatory responses to O2 and CO2 with barometric pressure plethysmography after administering MSX-3 or ketanserin (A2A and 5HT2 antagonists, respectively, both 1 mg/Kg i.p.) during CH for 7 days. Blocking GS or GQ signals throughout CH exposure, significantly decreased VAH. After VAH was established, GQ blockade did not affect ventilation while GS blockade increased VAH. Similar to LTF, data support roles for both GQ and GS pathways in the development of VAH but after VAH has been established, the GS pathway inhibits VAH.
Highlights
Exposure to chronic sustained hypoxia (CH) produces (1) an increase in ventilation that persists after normoxia is restored and (2) an increase in the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR)
To determine the contribution of serotonin receptors on ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH) we studied the effect of the 5HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin administrated continuously in rats during exposure to CH
V I increased with acute hypoxia (10% O2) and CH as expected for a normal HVR and VAH (Figure 1)
Summary
Exposure to chronic sustained hypoxia (CH) produces (1) an increase in ventilation that persists after normoxia is restored and (2) an increase in the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). This is called ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH) and it depends on plasticity in both carotid body chemoreceptors and medullary respiratory control circuits (Pamenter and Powell, 2016). Acute intermittent hypoxia produces long term facilitation (LTF) with increases in ventilation and phrenic nerve activity that persist in normoxia after the hypoxia protocol, and increases in the HVR to successive bouts of intermittent hypoxia [reviewed by Dale-Nagle et al (2010), Pamenter and Powell (2016), and Turner et al (2017)]. Effects of longer exposure to hypoxia, such as 7 days used to show plasticity in CNS respiratory centers (Pamenter and Powell, 2016), have not been studied though
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