Abstract
Aim:The study was designed to measure the seroprevalence of viral and bacterial diseases: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, bovine leukemia, bovine parainfluenza, bovine respiratory syncytial disease, brucellosis, and paratuberculosis among bovine of Himachal Pradesh during the year 2013-2015.Materials and Methods:The serum samples were collected from seven districts of state, namely, Bilaspur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Lahul and Spiti, Mandi, Sirmour, and Solan. The samples were screened using indirect ELISA kits to measure the seroprevalence of viral and bacterial diseases.Results:The overall seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis was 24.24%, bovine viral diarrhea 1.52%, bovine leukemia 9.09%, bovine parainfluenza 57.58%, bovine respiratory syncytial disease 50%, brucellosis 19.69%, and paratuberculosis 9.09% in Himachal Pradesh. The seroprevalence of bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine leukemia, bovine parainfluenza, bovine respiratory syncytial disease, and paratuberculosis in the state varied significantly (p<0.01) while was insignificant for bovine viral diarrhea and brucellosis (p>0.01). Multiple seropositivity has been observed in this study. Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 was observed commonly in mixed infection with almost all viruses and bacteria under study.Conclusion:The viral and bacterial diseases are prevalent in the seven districts of Himachal Pradesh investigated in the study. Therefore, appropriate management practices and routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the prevalence of these diseases.
Highlights
Bovine contribute significantly to the economy of marginal farmers, especially those living in the mountainous and the semi-mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh through milk, milk products, skin, manure, etc
The viral and bacterial diseases are prevalent in the seven districts of Himachal Pradesh investigated in the study
Appropriate management practices and routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the prevalence of these diseases
Summary
Bovine contribute significantly to the economy of marginal farmers, especially those living in the mountainous and the semi-mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh through milk, milk products, skin, manure, etc. Infectious diseases continue to considerably decrease the livestock production and hamper the livestock economy in the state. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated
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