Abstract
We examined the seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection in HIV-negative and -positive adults from Zaria, Northern Nigeria, and assessed its relationship with demographic, clinical, and immunological findings. In a six-month cross-sectional study undertaken in 2008, sera of 219 adults, including 111 consecutive HIV-infected adults and 108 healthy HIV-negative adult volunteers from Zaria, Northern Nigeria, were examined for IgG and IgM antibodies to toxoplasma by ELISA. Clinical characteristics of the HIV-infected patients were documented. Differences in toxoplasma seropositivity between HIV-positive and negative adults were sought. The relationship between toxoplasma seropositivity and variables such as age, sex and antiretroviral (ART) status, as well as HIV clinical staging and CD4 cell counts were also determined. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection (IgG positive and or IgM positive) was 32.4% in HIV-negative healthy adults and 38.7% in HIV-infected adults (P > 0.05). The rate of IgM seropositivity was 4.6% in healthy adults and 1.8% in HIV-infected patients, while the rate of IgG seropositivity (without IgM seropositivity) was 28.7% in healthy adults and 37.8% in HIV-infected patients (p > 0.05). Toxoplasma seropositivity was not associated with age, sex, ART status, CD4 cell count or HIV clinical staging. Seventy-four percent of the toxoplasma seropositive HIV-infected patients were asymptomatic and no cases of toxoplasma encephalitis were identified. Toxoplasmosis is equally prevalent in HIV-infected patients and healthy adults from similar environments in Northern Nigeria. It is imperative to develop public health policies to prevent toxoplasmosis in Nigeria, especially in HIV-infected patients.
Highlights
We examined the seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and -positive adults from Zaria, Northern Nigeria, and assessed its relationship with demographic, clinical, and immunological findings
Residual blood samples from all study participants were spun at 5,000g and the serum samples obtained were used for HIV antibody testing (Capillus, Cambridge Biotech, Galway, Ireland; Determine, Abbott Laboratories United Kingdom; and Immunocomb II Bispot, Orgenics Ltd, Yavne, Israel) and western blot confirmation (Immunetics Qualicode, Boston, MA, USA).The remaining serum samples were frozen at -20° C until analysed collectively for IgM and IgG toxoplasma antibodies
A total of 219 participants consisting of 111 HIV-1 infected adults and 108 HIV-negative healthy adults were included in the study
Summary
We examined the seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection in HIV-negative and -positive adults from Zaria, Northern Nigeria, and assessed its relationship with demographic, clinical, and immunological findings. The relationship between toxoplasma seropositivity and variables such as age, sex and antiretroviral (ART) status, as well as HIV clinical staging and CD4 cell counts were determined. Toxoplasmosis of the brain ( called toxoplasma encephalitis) is one of the most common central nervous system opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals and the most common cause of focal deficits in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [3,4,5]. Toxoplasma-HIV co-infected patients have a 30% to 40% risk of developing toxoplasma encephalitis, especially those with significant immunosuppression as reflected in a CD4 cell count below 200cells/ul [4,6]
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