Abstract
Recent expansion of arboviruses such as West Nile (WNV), Usutu (USUV), and tick‐borne encephalitis (TBEV) over their natural range of distribution needs strengthening their surveillance. As common viral vertebrate hosts, birds and horses deserve special attention with routine serological surveillance. Here, we estimated the seroprevalence of WNV, USUV and TBEV in 160 migrating/resident birds and 60 horses sampled in Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Kordestan provinces and Golestan province of Iran respectively. ELISA results showed that of 220 collected samples, 32 samples (14.54%), including 22 birds and 10 horses, were positive. Microsphere immunoassay results showed that 16.7% (10/60) of horse blood samples collected in Golestan province were seropositive against WNV (7; 11.7%), Flavivirus (2; 3.3%) and seropositive for USUV or WNV (1; 1.7%). Furthermore, micro virus neutralization tests revealed that four of seven ELISA‐positive bird blood samples were seropositive against WNV: two Egyptian vultures, and one long‐legged buzzard collected in Golestan province as well as a golden eagle collected in North Khorasan province. No evidence of seropositivity with TBEV was observed in collected samples. We showed that WNV, responsible for neuroinvasive infection in vertebrates, is circulating among birds and horses in Iran, recommending a sustained surveillance of viral infections in animals, and anticipating future infections in humans.
Highlights
Mosquito-borne arboviruses are responsible for millions of human cases and thousands of deaths each year (Caraballo & King, 2014)
There is no report of infection of vectors with Zika virus (ZIKV; Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), yellow fever virus (YFV; Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), Usutu virus (USUV; Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) and CHIKV in the country
A total of 10 horse blood samples collected in Golestan province were seropositive against WNV (7), Flavivirus (2) and WNV or USUV (1)
Summary
Mosquito-borne arboviruses are responsible for millions of human cases and thousands of deaths each year (Caraballo & King, 2014). West Nile virus (WNV, Genus Flavivirus, Family Flaviviridae) is responsible for severe neuroinvasive infections in vertebrates This virus is the most prevalent Culex-transmitted virus, frequently reported in Iran (Naficy & Saidi, 1970; Saidi, Tesh, Javadian, & Nadim, 1976): Many studies have found the infection of humans (Sharifi, Mahmoudian, & Talebian, 2010), horses (Ahmadnejad et al, 2011) and migratory birds (Fereidouni et al, 2011) in Iran. There is no report of infection of vectors with Zika virus (ZIKV; Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), yellow fever virus (YFV; Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), Usutu virus (USUV; Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) and CHIKV in the country For most of these arboviruses, there is no efficient vaccine alternative, and early detection of virus circulation becomes an alert system for implementing vector control measures. We determined the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against WNV, USUV and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in migratory/resident birds, and horses in four provinces in Iran, including Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan and Kordestan
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