Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease but the identity of the TLR2 agonists has been an evolving story. The serine/glycine lipids produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis are reported to engage human TLR2 and will promote the production of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines. This investigation compared the recovery of serine/glycine lipids in periodontal organisms, teeth, subgingival calculus, subgingival plaque, and gingival tissues, either from healthy sites or periodontally diseased sites. Lipids were extracted using the phospholipid extraction procedure of Bligh and Dyer and were analyzed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for all serine/glycine lipid classes identified to date in P. gingivalis. Two serine/glycine lipid classes, Lipid 567 and Lipid 1256, were the dominant serine/glycine lipids recovered from oral Bacteroidetes bacteria and from subgingival calculus samples or diseased teeth. Lipid 1256 was the most abundant serine/glycine lipid class in lipid extracts from P. gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia whereas Lipid 567 was the most abundant serine/glycine lipid class recovered in Capnocytophaga species and Porphyromonas endodontalis. Serine/glycine lipids were not detected in lipid extracts from Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, or Fusobacterium nucleatum. Lipid 1256 was detected more frequently and at a significantly higher mean level in periodontitis tissue samples compared with healthy/gingivitis tissue samples. By contrast, Lipid 567 levels were essentially identical. This report shows that members of the Bacteroidetes phylum common to periodontal disease sites produce Lipid 567 and Lipid 1256, and these lipids are prevalent in lipid extracts from subgingival calculus and from periodontally diseased teeth and diseased gingival tissues.
Highlights
Periodontitis afflicts the majority of individuals by the age of 50 and the microbial etiology has been extensively characterized, the underlying mechanisms by which microbes promote tissue destructive processes are only partially understood
Lipid 1256 was dominant in P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and T. forsythia, Lipid 567 was dominant in Capnocytophaga species and P. endodontalis and serine/glycine lipids were not recovered in Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
The serine/glycine lipid classes Lipid 654 and Lipid 430 were originally reported as constituents of non-oral bacteria from the genera Flavobacterium and Cytophaga [14,15,16,17,18], but further studies have determined that these lipids are constituents of all members of the Bacteroidetes phylum evaluated to date
Summary
Periodontitis afflicts the majority of individuals by the age of 50 and the microbial etiology has been extensively characterized, the underlying mechanisms by which microbes promote tissue destructive processes are only partially understood. Our laboratory has focused on the relationship between novel lipids of Porphyromonas gingivalis and their capacity to engage the innate immune system as a mechanism for promoting inflammation and tissue destruction in periodontitis. These studies were initiated in part because a prior report showed a doubling of complex lipids containing a unique branched chain bacterial fatty acid (3-OH iso C17 : 0) in subgingival plaque samples from periodontitis sites when compared with gingivitis sites [1]. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate bacterial and dental samples for the recovery of the novel serine/glycine lipids of P. gingivalis
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