Series Expansion of the Excess Work Using Nonlinear Response Theory

Abstract

The calculation of observable averages in non-equilibrium regimes is one of the most important problems in statistical physics. Using the Hamiltonian approach of nonlinear response theory, we obtain a series expansion of the average excess work and illustrate it with specific examples of thermally isolated systems. We report the emergence of non-vanishing contributions for large switching times when the system is subjected to strong driving. The problem is solved by using an adapted multiple-scale method to suppress these secular terms. Our paradigmatic examples show how the method is implemented generating a truncated series that obeys the Second Law of Thermodynamics.