Abstract
ObjectiveNeutrophils induce inflammation through the exocytosis of cytotoxic granule proteins. Recently, neutrophils have been reported to be an independent parameter associated with unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the mechanism by which neutrophils accumulate within the CSF after SAH remains undetermined. MethodsConcentrations of C5a, epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 (ENA-78), interleukin-8 (IL-8), growth-regulated oncogene-α (GRO-α), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured serially until day 14 in the CSF of 10 patients with SAH. CSF samples obtained from patients suffering from unruptured aneurysms were used as controls. ResultsThe concentrations of C5a and ENA-78 were significantly increased on day 1, while those of IL-8 and GRO-α significantly increased during days 3–7 compared with those of the control samples. The levels of NGAL and MPO, components of neutrophil granules, significantly increased during days 1–5 and days 1–3, respectively, after SAH and gradually decreased thereafter. The correlations between ENA-78 and C5a on day 1, IL-8 and GRO-α on days 3–7, and NGAL and MPO on days 1–3 were significant. ConclusionThese neutrophil chemoattractants might be serially involved in the infiltration of neutrophils into the CSF after SAH. Migrated neutrophils play an important role in inflammatory reactions in the central nervous system after SAH.
Highlights
There is growing evidence supporting the role of inflammation in central nervous system diseases
The concentrations of C5a and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) were significantly increased on day 1, while those of IL-8 and growthregulated oncogene-α (GRO-α) significantly increased during days 3-7 compared with those of the control samples
The correlations between ENA-78 and C5a on day 1, IL-8 and GRO-α on days 3~7, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and MPO on days 1~3 were significant. These neutrophil chemoattractants might be serially involved in the infiltration of neutrophils into the CSF after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Summary
There is growing evidence supporting the role of inflammation in central nervous system diseases. Lower lymphocytes and a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were independently associated with poor intracerebral hemorrhage outcome [2]. In the case of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the NLR represents an independent predictor of unfavorable functional outcomes [3]. Neutrophils on day 3 in CSF were significantly associated with cerebral vasospasm [4]. How these neutrophils migrate into CSF after SAH remains unknown. Neutrophils have been reported to be an independent parameter associated with unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The mechanism by which neutrophils accumulate within the CSF after SAH remains undetermined
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