Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a global concern. The use of bacteriophages (or phages) alone or combined with antibiotics is consolidating itself as an alternative approach to inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, phage-resistant mutants have been considered as a major threat when phage treatment is employed. Escherichia coli is one of the main responsible pathogens for moderate and serious infections in hospital and community environments, being involved in the rapid evolution of fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined treatments of phages and antibiotics in the inactivation of E. coli. For this, ciprofloxacin at lethal and sublethal concentrations was added at different times (0, 6, 12 and 18 h) and was tested in combination with the phage ELY-1 to inactivate E. coli. The efficacy of the combined treatment varied with the antibiotic concentration and with the time of antibiotic addition. The combined treatment prevented bacterial regrowth when the antibiotic was used at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and added after 6 h of phage addition, causing less bacterial resistance than phage and antibiotic applied alone (4.0 × 10−7 for the combined treatment, 3.9 × 10−6 and 3.4 × 10−5 for the antibiotics and the phages alone, respectively). Combined treatment with phage and antibiotic can be effective in reducing the bacterial density and it can also prevent the emergence of resistant variants. However, the antibiotic concentration and the time of antibiotic application are essential factors that need to be considered in the combined treatment.
Highlights
Escherichia coli is a non-pathogenic commensal bacterium characterized by its diversity and versatility since it is able to colonize human and other animal gastrointestinal systems
E. coli strains involved in enteric disease are divided into enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Shiga-toxin-producing enteroaggregative E. coli (STEAEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC) and diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC) [2,3,4,5]
Spot tests indicated that phage ELY-1 had the capacity to form completely cleared zones on five
Summary
Escherichia coli is a non-pathogenic commensal bacterium characterized by its diversity and versatility since it is able to colonize human and other animal gastrointestinal systems. This species developed some variants that colonize outside the gastrointestinal system. These strains harbor many virulence factors, causing severe diseases such as diarrhea, urinal tract infections, septicemia, pneumonia and meningitis [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one of the most problematic areas of drug resistance is the rapid evolution of fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae This is problematic in E. coli, which is the main representative species of this family [9,10]. E. coli strains, antibiotic resistant ones, are among the main bacteria responsible for moderate and serious infections in the hospital and community environments [1,7]
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