Sequence-selective alkylation and cross-linking induced by mitomycin C upon activation by DT-diaphorase

Abstract

Aerobic reduction of MMC by DTD, an obligate two-electron reductase, or chemical reduction by sodium borohydride results predominantly in monoalkylation of DNA at the guanine N7 position within 5'-GG-3' and 5'-GTC-3' sequences. The level of guanine N7 alkylation after DTD reduction increased as the pH was decreased from 7.8 and was optimal at pH 6.6. A similar profile of alkylation was obtained when the major metabolite of DTD-mediated MMC metabolism, 2,7-diaminomitosene, was further reduced by DTD. The sequence preference for DNA interstrand cross-linking (ISC) was also determined using singly end-labeled oligonucleotide duplexes. Reduction of MMC by DTD induced DNA cross-links which were resistant to piperidine cleavage. Exposure of cross-linked DNA to dimethyl sulfate or formic acid and subsequent piperidine cleavage displayed a discontinuity in band pattern which suggested a 5'-CG-3' preference for DNA ISC. Major groove alkylation is proposed to occur via generation, and subsequent metabolism by DTD, of 2,7-diaminomitosene. Cross-linking of DNA, at 5'-CG-3' sequences, is proposed to require the formation of either the protonated leucomitomycin C or the leucoaziridinomitosene during DTD-mediated metabolism of MMC.