Abstract
BackgroundThe oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., is one of the most important quarantine pests in many countries, including China. Although the oriental fruit fly has been investigated extensively, its origins and genetic structure remain disputed. In this study, the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene was used as a genetic marker to examine the genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow of B. dorsalis s.s. throughout its range in China and southeast Asia.ResultsHaplotype networks and phylogenetic analysis indicated two distinguishable lineages of the fly population but provided no strong support for geographical subdivision in B. philippinensis. Demographic analysis revealed rapid expansion of B. dorsalis s.s. populations in China and Southeast Asia in the recent years. The greatest amount of genetic diversity was observed in Manila, Pattaya, and Bangkok, and asymmetric migration patterns were observed in different parts of China. The data collected here further show that B. dorsalis s.s. in Yunnan, Guangdong, and Fujian Provinces, and in Taiwan might have different origins within southeast Asia.ConclusionsUsing the mitochondrial ND1 gene, the results of the present study showed B. dorsalis s.s. from different parts of China to have different genetic structures and origins. B. dorsalis s.s. in China and southeast Asia was found to have experienced rapid expansion in recent years. Data further support the existence of two distinguishable lineages of B. dorsalis s.s. in China and indicate genetic diversity and gene flow from multiple origins.The sequences in this paper have been deposited in GenBank/NCBI under accession numbers KC413034–KC413367.
Highlights
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., is one of the most important quarantine pests in many countries, including China
Analysis of334 NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) sequences from these 19 samples revealed a total of 203 haplotypes, of which 45 were shared and the remaining 158 were single haplotypes
The smaller haplotypes of lineage II network, connected to the central haplotypes, were found frequently (Figure 2; see Additional file 3: Table S2). These results suggest that most haplotypes have a wide geographic distribution throughout China and the surrounding areas
Summary
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., is one of the most important quarantine pests in many countries, including China. The NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene was used as a genetic marker to examine the genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow of B. dorsalis s.s. throughout its range in China and southeast Asia. Some of the B. dorsalis species are highly destructive because of their wide host-ranges, considerable ecological adaptability, pronounced reproductive potential, and dispersal capacity. The B. dorsalis s.s., B. papayae, and B. philippinensis species have become invasive in many parts of China. B. dorsalis s.s. was first recorded in Taiwan in 1912 and is widely distributed in most countries in the Asia-Pacific region [6]. B. dorsalis s.s. has been observed multiple times in China during the past hundred years [7,8,9]. B. dorsalis s.s. is distributed mostly in China’s southern provinces [10]
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