Abstract
The pond wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, an important natural predatory enemy of rice planthoppers, is found widely distributed in paddy fields. However, data on the genes involved in insecticide action, detoxification, and response are very limited for P. pseudoannulata, which inhibits the development and appropriate use of selective insecticides to control insect pests on rice. We used transcriptome construction from adult spider cephalothoraxes to analyze and manually identify genes enconding metabolic enzymes and target receptors related to insecticide action and detoxification, including 90 cytochrome P450s, 14 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), 17 acetylcholinesterases (AChEs), 17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and 17 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, as well as 12 glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) unigenes. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed the different subclassifications of P450s and GSTs, some important sequence diversities in nAChRs and GABA receptors, polymorphism in AChEs, and high similarities in GluCls. For P450s in P. pseudoannulata, the number of unigenes belonging to the CYP2 clade was much higher than that in CYP3 and CYP4 clades. The results differed from insects in which most P450 genes were in CYP3 and CYP4 clades. For GSTs, most unigenes belonged to the delta and sigma classes, and no epsilon GST class gene was found, which differed from the findings for insects and acarina. Our results will be useful for studies on insecticide action, selectivity, and detoxification in the spider and other related animals, and the sequence differences in target genes between the spider and insects will provide important information for the design of selective insecticides.
Highlights
Biological control is an important way for pest management
The lack of genetic information on P. pseudoannulata limits the studies of differences between insects and P. pseudoannulata, especially the genes related to insecticide action and detoxification
Length distribution and homology analysis of unigenes that hit in the NCBI nonredundant (Nr) protein database are shown in S1 and S2 Figs To acquire accurate annotation information, the Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases were used to annotate the unigenes (S3 and S4 Figs, and S2 Table)
Summary
Biological control is an important way for pest management. Currently, increasing interest in safe, effective, and sustainable strategies for insect pest control is encouraging the use of PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125242 April 29, 2015. Biological control strategies, but the primary way for insect pests control in China remains the application of chemical insecticides, which cause environmental contamination and reduce the populations of natural enemies [1]. Spiders are recognized as important natural enemies to reduce pest populations. The pond wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata, an important predatory enemy of rice planthoppers and leafhoppers, is one of the most abundant spiders in paddy fields and able to effectively reduce rice pest populations. Neonicotinoid insecticides, acting selectively as neurotoxins on insect nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs) and extensively used to control rice insect pests, demonstrated relative safety to P. pseudoannulata [3]. The lack of genetic information on P. pseudoannulata limits the studies of differences between insects and P. pseudoannulata, especially the genes related to insecticide action and detoxification. Genes related to insecticide action and detoxification were manually identified and analyzed in sequences
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