Abstract
Lithium regulates the concentration of nitric oxide in the human body and a high dose of nitric oxide causes multiple sclerosis (MS). Also, the amount of manganese in the cerebrospinal fluid alters the metabolic reactions associated with MS. In this study, the mixture of the ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate (APDC), the hydrophobic ionic liquid [HMIM][PF6] and acetone coated on the surface of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) and used for separation Li and Mn in human samples by ultrasound assisted-dispersive-ionic liquid-micro-solid phase extraction technique (USA-DIL-μ-SPE) at pH 6.0. After extraction and back-extraction, the amount of lithium and manganese in the blood, serum and urine samples was determined by the flame and the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS, GF-AAS), respectively. By optimizing parameters, the LOD, Linear ranges (LR) and preconcentration factor (PF) for Li and Mn ions were obtained (0.03 mg L-1, 0.25 μg L-1), (0.1-0.4 mg L-1, 0.08-1.5 μg L-1) and 10, respectively (%RSD<5). The capacity adsorption of APDC/IL/GONPs and GONPs was achieved (148.5 mg g-1, 122.3 mg g-1) and (41.3 mg g-1, 33.7 mg g-1) for Li and Mn ions in a static system, respectively. This method was successfully validated by spiking samples and certified reference materials (CRM).
Highlights
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), affecting more than 2 million people worldwide and is currently incurable
Characterization of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate (APDC)/IL/graphene oxide Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded by a Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were reported by a Tescan Mira3
Summary
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), affecting more than 2 million people worldwide and is currently incurable. No drug can completely prevent progressive neurodegeneration, which is usually diagnosed with impaired movement function, bladder control, and cognitive processes [1, 2]. Nitric oxide and its metabolites in the human body may be involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Several studies have shown that lithium regulates NO levels in the central nervous system. High levels of compounds derived from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been detected in blood samples from RR-MS patients. In principle, increased production of NO and its metabolites in the peripheral blood of these patients has been shown [3]. Lithium may control NO formation in MS.
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