Abstract
Machine to machine (M2M) communication networks consist of thousands of low cost, low energy, low computational power and memory sensors nodes. Due to the autonomous monitoring, self organization, low power consumptions and remote accessibility of sensors, M2M communication networks gain momentum in environmental monitoring, pollution detection, agriculture, disasters monitoring and many similar applications. It is evident that sensor-based agriculture monitoring systems are being designed and implemented mostly in the context of developed countries. However, these monitoring systems do not focus on the implementation of sensor-based M2M networks for the benefit of farmers in developing countries. This paper presents (i) the current state of the art research in sensor-based M2M communication networks for agriculture monitoring, (ii) several existing agricultural monitoring systems and compare them on different design factors, (iii) the technical framework of some recent deployment of agriculture monitoring systems in developing countries and identify their design challenges and (iv) major design and implementation differences of these monitoring systems in developed and developing countries.
Highlights
Most countries depend on agriculture and the optimal usage of land and water resources is very critical
We present several sensor-based M2M agriculture monitoring systems, identify important design criteria, challenges of designing sensor-based M2M agriculture monitoring systems for developing countries
We identify the differences between agriculture monitoring systems of developed and developing countries
Summary
Most countries depend on agriculture and the optimal usage of land and water resources is very critical. The agriculture systems in developing countries are still labor dependent and do not use any crop management, pest/disease control or quality management systems. The traditional irrigation systems in agriculture use uniform water distribution in fields which is not optimal [1, 2]. A technology based agricultural monitoring system is greatly required for farmers in developing countries. It is estimated that 87% world’s fresh water is consumed for irrigation and 33% of world’s produced food uses irrigation. Soil nutrients are decreasing in the agricultural fields of the developing countries and so, the production decreases. A technology based agricultural monitoring system is greatly required
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