Abstract
The immunostimulatory effects of the representative dental resin monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), a HEMA derivative that does not contain a double bond (2-hydroxyethyl isobutyrate, HEIB), and polymerized water-soluble oligomers of HEMA (PHEMA) were investigated. It is known that expression levels of either or both of CD54 and CD86 in THP-1 cells are increased by exposure to sensitizing substances. In this study, the expression levels of CD54 and CD86, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the viability of the cells were measured after 24 h of incubation with these materials at different concentrations. The concentrations of the materials that induced the expression of both CD54 and CD86 were low in the following order: NiSO4, HEMA, and methyl methacrylate (MMA). These results indicate that these dental resin monomers have lower sensitizing potentials than NiSO4. Although HEIB, which lacks a double bond, resulted in negligible ROS production and reduced cytotoxicity than HEMA, it induced the expression of CD54 and CD86. Comparison of the results for HEMA and HEIB indicates that dental resin monomer-induced sensitization may be related not only to the oxidative stress related to the methacryloyl group but also to the structures of these compounds. Of particular interest is the result that a water-soluble PHEMA oligomer with a relatively high-molecular weight also exhibited negligible cytotoxicity, whereas the expression level of CD54 increased after exposure to PHEMA at a high concentration. This result serves as a warning that polymerized substances also have the potential to induce sensitization. This study provides insight into the nature of allergic responses to dental resin materials in clinical use and may facilitate the development of more biocompatible restorative materials in the future.
Highlights
There has been remarkable progress in the development of dental resin materials in terms of their excellent mechanical properties and bond strength to dentin and enamel [1]
We investigated the effect of dental resin monomers, monomer derivatives, and polymers on the expression level of CD54 and CD86 in THP-1 cells, which is one of the in vitro assays to estimate the sensitization of chemical substrates [16,17,18]
Consistent with the previous reports, this study showed that nickel ion exhibited strong cytotoxicity and induced marked CD54 expression in THP-1 cells [18,21] (Figure 2)
Summary
There has been remarkable progress in the development of dental resin materials in terms of their excellent mechanical properties and bond strength to dentin and enamel [1]. Dental resins are widely used as restorative materials in the clinic to treat caries and as part of fixed and removable prostheses. Resin-based dental materials have advantageous properties in comparison with metal-based materials, including greater biocompatibility and better aesthetic appearance. Resin-based materials are believed to induce milder allergic responses than metal-based materials. Allergic reactions to resin-based materials have been reported in the clinic [2,3]. Vamnes demonstrated that among 296 patients, 28% and 8% of them were positive for reactions to nickel ions and resin-based materials, respectively, in a patch test [4].
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