Sensitivity of the blood retinal barrier for blue light exposure quantified with vitreous fluorophotometry

Abstract

Biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum oil has gained significant attention from the research community because of its high energy content and good compatibility with existing engine systems. It can be produced from many different sources, such as animals, plants, and microbes. In this study, we demonstrated the overproduction of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using a synthetic consortium of manA mutant Streptomyces coelicolor with Ralstonia eutropha. The synthetic consortium of S. coelicolorΔmanA: R. eutropha produced 114 mg/L fatty acids, which is 124% higher than the amount produced using S. coelicolor alone. Overall, the fatty acids produced by the consortia S. coelicolorΔmanA: R. eutropha were composed of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA): long chain fatty acid (LCFA): very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) in 8.75: 91.0: 0.25 proportion, and contained 75% saturated and 25% unsaturated fatty acids, which resulted in FAMEs with better cetane number (65) and oxidation stability (76 h) than the fatty acids produced by one strain alone. Nile red staining and subsequent fluorescence spectroscopy revealed S. coelicolorΔmanA as good candidate for triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. Phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFA) analysis of consortia shows that S. coelicolorΔmanA and R. eutropha synergistically support each other’s growth. The results suggest that the synthetic consortium provides an approach for biodiesel production along with improved quality.