Sensitivity of PM2.5 and O3 pollution episodes to meteorological factors over the North China Plain

Abstract

The Comprehensive Air-quality Model with extensions (CAMx) was used to explore the sensitivity of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations to four selected meteorological factors: wind speed, temperature, water vapor mixing ratio (Q), and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) during two pollution episodes over the North China Plain (NCP). We also investigated the impact pathways of different meteorological factors on the formation of PM2.5 and O3. It is found that PM2.5 was more sensitive to the selected meteorological factors in the southeastern NCP, where high anthropogenic emissions and severe air pollution occur. Large variations were observed along the Taihang Mountains, where the height of the terrain changes dramatically. The sensitivity of O3 to wind speed, PBLH, temperature, and Q was mainly determined by the inhibition effects of PM2.5 in winter, while in summer, the complex chemical reactions were dominant. Significant diurnal variations of process analysis (PA) results were observed under various meteorological conditions. Higher temperature generally enhance heterogeneous chemistry and transport of NO3− through the top boundary layer during night-time in winter, however, in summer, the heterogeneous chemistry of NO3− and NH4+ during daytime were the major pathways to the increased PM2.5 due to increased temperature. Moreover, temperature alter PM2.5 concentrations through affecting vertical diffusivity and relative humidity, and alter O3 concentrations by affecting the gas phase chemistry and mass fluxes through the top boundary layer. Q mainly affects the rate of chemical reactions of PM2.5 and O3. The different impact pathways suggest that it is essential to consider variations in meteorological factors, in addition to the direct impacts of wind speed and PBLH, more attention should be paid to the complex impacts of temperature and Q, when developing emission control strategies.