Abstract
The last two decades have seen a considerable increase in studies using speleothems as archives of past climate variability. Caves under study are now monitored for a wide range of environmental parameters and results placed in context with speleothem data. The present study investigates trends from a seven year long monitoring of Bunker Cave, northwestern Germany, in order to assess the hydraulic response and transfer time of meteoric water from the surface to the cave. Rain-, soil-, and dripwater were collected from August 2006 to August 2013 at a monthly to bimonthly resolution and their oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition was measured. Furthermore, drip rates were quantified. Due to different drip characteristics, annual mean values were calculated for the drip rates of each drip site. Correlations of the annual mean drip rate of each site with precipitation and infiltration demonstrate that the annual infiltration, and thus the annual precipitation control the inter-annual drip-rate variability for all except one site. The hydraulic response is not delayed on an annual basis. All drip sites display identical long-term trends, which suggests a draining of a common karst reservoir over these seven years of monitoring. Correlations of soil- and dripwater monthly δ18O and δD values with atmospheric temperature data reveal water transfer times of 3months to reach a depth of 40cm (soilwater at site BW 2) and 4months for 70cm depth (soilwater at site BW 1). Finally, the water reaches the cave chambers (15 to 30m below land surface) after ca. 2.5years. Consequently, a temporal offset of 29 to 31months (ca. 2.5years) between the hydraulic response time (no time lag on annual basis) and the water transfer time (time lag of 29 to 31months) was found, which is negligible with regard to Bunker Cave speleothems because of their slow growth rates. Here, proxies recording precipitation/infiltration and temperature are registered on a decadal scale. Variations in drip rate and thus precipitation and infiltration are recorded by δ13C and Mg/Ca ratios in speleothem calcite. Speleothem δ18O values reflect both temperature and precipitation signals due to drip rate-related fractionation processes. We document that long-term patterns in temperature and precipitation are recorded in dripwater patterns of Bunker Cave and that these are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).
Highlights
Palaeoclimate reconstructions based on speleothems, i.e. mostly carbonate deposits formed in caves, have increased significantly during the last two decades
A temporal offset of 29 to 31 months between the hydraulic response time and the water transfer time was found, which is negligible with regard to Bunker Cave speleothems because of their slow growth rates
We present monthly data as well as annual mean values of the relevant parameters, which were calculated using the monthly or bimonthly values of the respective year to (i) examine long-term variability and (ii) compare these data with precipitation/infiltration and temperature data to determine the hydraulic response time and water transfer time
Summary
Palaeoclimate reconstructions based on speleothems, i.e. mostly carbonate deposits formed in caves, have increased significantly during the last two decades (for a summary, see Fairchild and Baker, 2012). The most important strengths of speleothems are the precise 59 230Th/U dating (e.g., Dorale et al, 2004; Scholz and Hoffmann, 2008; Cheng et al, 2013) and the availability of several, mostly geochemical, parameters such as carbon and oxygen isotope 61 values, major and trace elemental abundances, and 18O and D of fluid inclusions (e.g., Niggemann et al, 2003; Mangini et al, 2005; Vonhof et al, 2006; Fohlmeister et al, 2012; Scholz et al, 2012; Luetscher et al, 2015) These can be used for single- or multi-proxy approaches to reconstruct past climate dynamics. Click here to download Background dataset for online publication only: Supplementary material.docx
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