Abstract
Global concerns about the environmental effects (e.g., pollution, land use, noise) of last-mile deliveries are increasing. Parcel lockers are seen as an option to reduce these external effects of last-mile deliveries. The contributions of this paper are threefold: firstly, the research studies simulating the emissions caused by parcel delivery to lockers are summarized. Secondly, a demand model for parcel deliveries in New York City (NYC) is created for 365 days and delivery trips to lockers and homes are optimized for 20 “real-world” scenarios. Thirdly, using the emission factors included in the HandBook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) database, the maximum percentage of customers who could pick up a parcel by car from parcel lockers that would result in fewer total emissions (driving customers + walking customers) than if home deliveries were adopted is calculated for various pollutants and scenario assumptions (i.e., street types, temperature, parking duration, level of service and vehicle drivetrain). This paper highlights how small changes in the calibration can significantly change the results and therefore using average values for emission factors or only considering one pollutant like most studies may not be appropriate.
Highlights
Instead of calculating the emissions for locker and home delivery, this study reports the maximum mode share, which is defined as the maximum share of customers who can pick up a parcel by car before home delivery becomes the better option in terms of emission generation
Variance inin the Several solutions to the last-mile delivery problem have been proposed in the literature including innovative vehicles, parcel lockers, collaborations, policies, as well as transport management and routing optimization [55]
This paper focuses on evaluating the emissions produced by home delivery with delivery to parcel lockers
Summary
In cities, residents are exposed to air pollution levels which are considered dangerous [1]. The logistics industry [3], and especially last-mile delivery, is one of the causes of air pollution especially in residential areas [4,5,6] and the city center [7,8], which increases the interest in alternative delivery options. Parcel lockers are seen as a solution for failed deliveries [9,10,11,12,13], for problems in finding addresses [14] and for return deliveries [14]. Arnold et al [25] concluded that, based on a simulation study, parcel lockers reduce the operational costs but increase the external costs
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